![]() ![]() Researchers have articulated several conceptual and methodological arguments for aggregating multiple risk indicators into a single composite, or CR, variable. ![]() This method has been widely used by researchers and is a robust predictor of children’s mental health problems and psychological adjustment (for a review, see Evans, Li, & Whipple, 2013). Rutter proposed a method for measuring cumulative risk (CR) in which multiple risk factors are aggregated to create a single composite index of risk. Related to this aim, one line of investigation has focused on how children exposed to multiple co-occurring risk factors tend to have worse developmental outcomes than those who have less, or no, risk factor exposure. Investigating the risk factors associated with children’s psychological adjustment has been an ubiquitous aim in the psychological and developmental sciences. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The data are held in Open Science Framework (DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/JG8MY).įunding: This research was funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under Awards R01DA013190 (awarded to RDE and PS) and R01DA041231 (awarded to RDE, PS, and ABN). Received: DecemAccepted: JPublished: July 3, 2019Ĭopyright: © 2019 Ettekal et al. Results indicated that the variable-centered CR composites had larger effects than the observed summary score CR indices and the person-centered methods.Ĭitation: Ettekal I, Eiden RD, Nickerson AB, Schuetze P (2019) Comparing alternative methods of measuring cumulative risk based on multiple risk indicators: Are there differential effects on children’s externalizing problems? PLoS ONE 14(7):Įditor: Thach Duc Tran, Monash University, AUSTRALIA For each model, we estimated the effect size of the composite CR variable on children’s externalizing problems. ![]() Across models, the multiple risk composite was based on a set of 12 individual risk indicators including low maternal education, hunger, meal and money unpredictability, maternal psychopathology, maternal substance use, harsh parenting, family stress, and family violence. Using a sample of 169 low-income families (children approximately 5 years old, 51% girls 74% African American, and their primary caregiver), we specified models to represent each of the alternative methods. A decision tree was proposed to aid researchers in comparing and choosing the alternative methods. At the composite level, we measured CR as an observed score, and compared this approach with two variable-centered approaches (consisting of reflective and formative indicators) and two person-centered approaches (consisting of latent class analysis and latent profile analysis). More specifically, at the individual risk level, we examined the implications of various measurement approaches (i.e., dichotomous, proportion- and z-scores). Several methods for measuring CR are presented and their conceptual and methodological assumptions are assessed. This study examined several alternative methods to measure cumulative risk (CR) based on multiple risk indicators. ![]()
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